The allocation of financial resources to public health facilities significantly influences the health system’s capacity to reduce health inequities. This policy brief examines the knowledge and perceptions of health system actors in Burkina Faso regarding equity, efficiency, and transparency in financial resource allocation. The findings highlight major challenges: poor understanding of allocation criteria, lack of transparency, and chronic delays in reimbursement for free healthcare services. These shortcomings compromise the operational capacity of health facilities and undermine public trust. In response, this brief offers actionable recommendations to strengthen equitable and transparent resource allocation, with lessons applicable to other low- and middle-income countries.